{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Author}: Suarez Arango, Carolina; Nieto, Ivonne Jeannette
{Year}: 2013
{Title}: [Biotechnological cultivation of edible macrofungi: an alternative for obtaining nutraceutics].
{Tag}: 5
{Star}: 0
{Journal}: Revista iberoamericana de micologia
{Volume}: 30
{Issue}: 1
{Number}: MEDLINE:22449697
{Pages}: 1-8
{Cited Count}: 0
{Date Displayed}: 2013
2013-Jan-3
{ISBN/ISSN}: 2173-9188
{Abstract}: Macromycetes have been part of the human culture for thousand years, and have been reported as food in the most important civilizations in history. Many nutraceutical properties of macromycetes have been described, such as anti-cancer, anti-tumour, cholesterol lowering, antiviral, antibacterial, or immunomodulatory, among others. Given that production of mushrooms by traditional cultivation and extraction of bioactive metabolites is very difficult in some cases, biotechnology is essential for the development of profitable and productive techniques for obtaining these metabolites. It is the development of this technology, and the ease in which it enables the use of its variables that has allowed mycelium to be cultivated in liquid medium of macrofungi, with a significant reduction in time and an increased production of metabolites. This increased production has led to the study of compounds that have medicinal, nutriceutical and quasi-farmaceutical potential, in the exhausted media and the mycelium. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the use of liquid-state fermentation as a technological tool for obtaining edible fungi, and the study of these and their metabolites, by describing the different cultivation conditions used in recent years, as well as the results obtained. The relevance of Agaricus, Flammulina, Grifola, Pleurotus and Lentinula genera, will also be discussed, with emphasis on the last one, since Shiitake has been always considered as the ultimate medicinal mushroom.

{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Author}: Abed, Raeid M. M.; Al-Sadi, Abdullah M.; Al-Shehi, Muneera; Al-Hinai, Sheikha; Robinson, Michael D.
{Year}: 2013
{Title}: Diversity of free-living and lichenized fungal communities in biological soil crusts of the Sultanate of Oman and their role in improving soil properties
{URL}: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071712002982
{Tag}: 0
{Star}: 0
{Journal}: Soil Biology and Biochemistry
{Volume}: 57
{Issue}: 0
{Pages}: 695-705
{Date Displayed}: 2013/2//
{Alternate Title}: Soil Biology and Biochemistry
{ISBN/ISSN}: 0038-0717
{Keywords}: Biological soil crusts; Fungi; Lichens; Pyrosequencing; Cultivation; Erosion; Water-holding capacity
{Abstract}: Biological soil crusts of arid and semiarid regions are one of the least explored habitats with respect to the diversity of their fungal communities and the Arabian deserts, in particular, remains mycologically poorly investigated. Here, we investigate the diversity of free-living and lichen-forming fungal communities associated with crusts at two locations in Oman, using intensive cultivation and pyrosequencing, and their role in improving soil stability and hydrology. A total of 226 fungal isolates were recovered and phylogenetic analysis placed 98% of the isolates within the Ascomycota phylum, most of which belonged to Dothideomycetes class and Pleosporales order. The isolates were phylogenetically affiliated to 101 different species within 44 different genera with >55% of the total isolates belonging to Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Cochliobolus, Fusarium, Myrothecium, Phoma and Ulocladium. Using pyrosequencing, a total of 26,998 sequence reads were obtained with Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Chytridiomycota encompassing >96% of the total sequences. In cyanobacterial crusts, between 67.2 and 70.6% of the total fungal sequences belonged to the classes Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes with the dominance of yeast-like fungi of the genera Sarcinomyces and Aureobasidium. On the other hand, the sequences obtained from the lichen crusts mainly belonged to the classes Lichinomycetes, Lecanoromycetes and Eurotiomycetes. Among the identified lichens were Placidium lacinulatum, Psora decipiens, Peccania fontqueriana, Stromatella bermudana, Verrucaria chiloensis, Pecania arizonica, Lempholemma polyanthes and Lichinella cribellifera. Although detected fungi confirmed earlier trends in fungal diversity in other deserts, quite a number of isolates and sequences representing novel taxa were recovered. The presence of lichen in crusts improved their resistance to erosion and increased their water holding capacity. We conclude that desert crusts of Oman harbor a large diversity of fungal communities that varies with crust type and desert ecoregions, and the presence of lichens in these crusts improves soil characteristics.

{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Author}: Park, Shin Jung; Hyun, Sun-Hee; Suh, Hyo Won; Lee, Seok-Young; Sung, Gi-Ho; Kim, Seong Hwan; Choi, Hyung-Kyoon
{Year}: 2013
{Title}: Biochemical characterization of cultivated Cordyceps bassiana mycelia and fruiting bodies by H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
{Tag}: 0
{Star}: 0
{Journal}: METABOLOMICS
{Volume}: 9
{Issue}: 1
{Pages}: 236-246
{ISBN/ISSN}: 1573-3882
{Keywords}: FUNGUS BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; METABOLITES; INHIBITORS; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHOLESTEROL; MUSHROOMS; WILD; NMR; Cordyceps bassiana; Metabolomics H-1-NMR; Artificial cultivation; Developmental stages
{Abstract}: In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance techniques coupled with multivariate data analysis were used for the metabolic profiling of mycelia and fruiting bodies of the entomopathogenic fungi, Cordyceps bassiana according to developmental stages. A direct extraction method using two deuterated solvents of D2O and CDCl3 was used to investigate the relative levels of identified metabolites in each extraction condition in the mycelium and fruiting body formation stages. There was a clear separation among mycelia and fruiting bodies with various developmental stages in partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) derived score plots. During the transition from mycelia to fruiting bodies, the major metabolic change observed was the conversion of glucose to mannitol, and beauvericin to phenylalanine and 1-hydroxyisovaleric acid. In the developmental stages of fruiting bodies studied, there was a clear separation between stage 3 and the other stages in PLS-DA derived score plots. Nineteen compounds including 13 amino acids, 2 nucleosides, 3 organic acids, and glucose showed the highest levels in stage 3 fruiting bodies. The flavonoid content in the fruiting bodies showed similar levels during stages 1, 2, and 3, whereas the level at stage 4 was significantly decreased compared to the other stages. Results suggest that the fruiting body of C. bassiana is richer in natural resources at stage 3 compared to the other fruiting body stages due to its high abundance of compounds including total flavonoids. The metabolome information acquired in this study can be useful criteria for the quality control of commercial use of C. bassiana.
{Author Address}: Chung Ang Univ, Coll Pharm, Seoul 156756, South Korea; Chung Ang Univ, Coll Pharm, Seoul 156756, South Korea; Chung Ang Univ, Coll Pharm, Seoul 156756, South Korea; Chung Ang Univ, Coll Pharm, Seoul 156756, South Korea; Rural Dev Adm, Natl Inst Hort & Herbal Sci, Mushroom Res Div, Suwon 404707, South Korea; Dankook Univ, Dept Microbiol, Cheonan 330714, South Korea; Chung Ang Univ, Coll Pharm, Seoul 156756, South Korea
{Database Provider}: Web of Science SCI
{Language}: English
{Country}: South Korea; South Korea; South Korea