{Reference Type}: Journal Article

{Author}: Ângela Fernandes；João C   M Barreira；Amilcar L Antonio；Pedro M   P Santos；Anabela Martins；M Beatriz P   P Oliveira；Isabel C F   R Ferreira

{Year}: 2013

{Title}: Study of chemical changes and antioxidant activity variation induced by gamma-irradiation on wild mushrooms: Comparative study through principal component analysis

{Tag}: 0

{Star}: 0

{Volume}: 54

{Issue}: 1

{Pages}: 18-25

{ISBN/ISSN}: 0963-9969

{Keywords}: Gamma irradiation；Wild mushrooms；Chemical composition；Antioxidant activity；Principal component analysis

{Abstract}:Mushrooms are especially sensitive to senescence, browning, water loss and microbial attack. Furthermore, wild species are characterized by their seasonality, demanding the development of suitable preservation technology. Gamma-irradiation was previously tested in wild Lactarius deliciosus, being verified that its application up to 1 kGy did not imply significant changes in chemical parameters. Herein, the effects of higher gamma-irradiation doses, typically used in natural food matrices like fruits or vegetables, were assessed in Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr. and Hydnum repandum L.: Fr. by checking for changes in nutritional parameters, free sugars, tocopherols, fatty acids, organic acids and antioxidant activity indicators. To have representative samples, the used carpophores were collected in different maturity stages, using the same number of specimens for each stage and also for each mushroom species. The specific effects of each tested irradiation were evaluated in an integrated manner through principal component analysis. The correspondent biplots indicate that differences caused by gamma-irradiation are enough to separate irradiated and non-irradiated samples of both mushrooms. Nevertheless, nutritional profiles were not affected in high extension, indicating that gamma-irradiation, up to the doses used in this work, might represent a useful mushroom conservation technology.

{Database Provider}: Web of Sciencedirect

{Language}: English

{Reference Type}: Journal Article

{Author}: David J Burke；Kurt A Smemo；Charlotte R Hewins

{Year}: 2014

{Title}: Ectomycorrhizal fungi isolated from old-growth northern hardwood forest display variability in extracellular enzyme activity in the presence of plant

{Tag}: 0

{Star}: 0

{Volume}: 68

{Issue}: 0

{Pages}: 219-222

{ISBN/ISSN}: 0038-0717

{Keywords}: Ectomycorrhizal fungi；Extracellular enzymes；Fagus grandifolia；Hardwood forest；Nutrient cycling；Saprotrophic fungi

{Abstract}:We examined whether ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi produce extracellular enzymes in culture and whether leaf litter addition affected production. We found little consistency in enzyme production among ECM fungi. Most fungi produced substantial levels of acid phosphatase and levels for many ECM fungi were equivalent to saprotrophic fungi. However, saprotrophic fungi had higher chitinase levels than ECM fungi. Some ECM fungi (e.g. Russula) produced levels of oxidative enzymes that were equivalent to saprotrophic fungi. Our results suggest enzyme activity varies greatly among ECM fungi with some species producing enzymes at levels equivalent to saprotrophic fungi.

{Database Provider}: Web of Sciencedirect

{Language}: English

{Reference Type}: Journal Article

{Author}: Xiangqun Xu；Juan Li；Yan Hu

{Year}: 2014

{Title}: Polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus sclerotia and cultured mycelia stimulate cytokine production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro and their chemical characterization

{Tag}: 0

{Star}: 0

{Volume}: 21

{Issue}: 2

{Pages}: 269-278

{ISBN/ISSN}: 1567-5769

{Keywords}: Submerged fermentation；Sclerotia；Inonotus obliquus；Immunomodulator；Cytokine；Polysaccharides

{Abstract}:Inonotus obliquus is an edible and medicinal mushroom to treat many diseases. In the present study, polysaccharides and fractions were isolated and purified by DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-200 chromatography from I. obliquus wild sclerotia, culture broth and cultured mycelia under submerged fermentation. The extracts and fractions could significantly induce the secretion of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-2 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and showed no toxicity to PBMCs. The stimulation effect of the six extracts and eight fractions on the four-cytokine production was dose-dependent. Sclerotial polysaccharides were more effective in the four-cytokine production at 150 μg/ml while exopolysaccharides and endopolysacchrides showed a much better effect on IL-1β production at 30 μg/ml. Purified fractions from exopolysaccharides and endopolysaccharides were more effective than the fraction from sclerotia in most cytokine production. These heteropolysaccharide-protein conjugates mainly contained glucose, galactose, and mannose. Protein content, molecular weight, monosaccharide molar ratio, and anomeric carbon configuration differed from each other and had effects on the cytokine induction activity of the polysaccharides to some extent.

{Database Provider}: Web of Sciencedirect

{Language}: English